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As of , the city had a population of 1,, and a metropolitan population of 1,,, making it the third-largest city and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada. Calgary is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in the transitional area between the Rocky Mountain Foothills and the Canadian Prairies , about 80 km 50 mi east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly km mi south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately km mi north of the Canada—United States border.
The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada -defined urban area, the Calgary—Edmonton Corridor. Calgary's economy includes activity in the energy, financial services, film and television, transportation and logistics, technology, manufacturing, aerospace, health and wellness, retail, and tourism sectors. The Indigenous peoples of Southern Alberta refer to the Calgary area as "elbow", in reference to the sharp bend made by the Bow River and the Elbow River. In some cases, the area was named after the reeds that grew along the riverbanks, reeds which had been used to fashion bows.
There have been several attempts to revive the Indigenous names of Calgary. The Calgary area was inhabited by pre- Clovis people whose presence has been traced back at least 11, years. As Mayor Naheed Nenshi said in , "There have always been people here. In Biblical times there were people here. For generations beyond number, people have come here to this land, drawn here by the water. They come here to hunt and fish; to trade; to live; to love; to have great victories; to taste bitter disappointment; but above all to engage in that very human act of building community.
He was also a fur trader and surveyor and the first recorded European to visit the area. John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in Baker Company of Fort Benton, Montana , was contracted to construct a suitable fort, and after its completion, the Baker company built a log store next to the fort.
Edward Blake , at the time Minister of Justice , agreed with the name and in the spring of Fort Calgary was officially established. In the federal government began to offer leases for cattle ranching in Alberta up to km 2 , acres for one cent per acre per year under the Dominion Lands Act , which became a catalyst for immigration to the settlement. The I. Baker Company drove the first herd of cattle to the region in the same year for the Cochrane area by order of Major James Walker.
The difficulty in crossing the river and the CPR's efforts to persuade residents resulted in the core of the Calgary townsite moving onto Section 15, with the fate of the old townsite sealed when the post office was anonymously moved across the icy Elbow River during the night. Armour and printer Thomas B. Residents of the now-eight-year-old settlement sought to form a local government of their own.
In the first weeks of , James Reilly who was building the Royal Hotel east of the Elbow River circulated handbills announcing a public meeting on January 7, , at the Methodist Church. The attendees were enthusiastic about the committee and on the next evening a vote was held to elect the seven members. A total of 24 candidates were nominated, which equalled 10 per cent of Calgary's male population. Major James Walker received 88 votes, the most amongst the candidates, the other six members were Dr.
Moulton, and Captain John Stewart. The election was held under multiple non-transferable vote where each elector was able to cast a ballot for the mayor and up to four ballots for separate councillors.
Law and order remained top of mind in the frontier town, in early Jack Campbell was appointed as a constable for the community, and in early the Town Council passed By-law Eleven creating the position of Chief Constable and assigning relevant duties, a precursor to the Calgary Police Service. The first chief constable, John Jack S. Ingram, who had previously served as the first police chief in Winnipeg, was empowered to arrest drunken and disorderly people, stop all fast riding in town, attend all fires and council meetings.
For the Town of Calgary, turned out to be a success; however, two dark years lay ahead for the fledgling community. The turmoil started in late , when Councillor Clarke was arrested for threatening a plain-clothes Mountie who entered his saloon to conduct a late-night search. When the officer failed to produce a search warrant , Clarke chased him off the premises; however, the Mountie returned with reinforcements and arrested Clarke.
Murdoch returned to Calgary on December 27, , only a week before the upcoming election to find the Town in disarray. Marsh brought a charge of corruption against Murdoch and council over irregularities in the voters' list. This was despite the fact Murdoch was visiting Eastern Canada while the alleged tampering was occurring.
The federal government acted before receiving Taylor's report, Jeremiah Travis was suspended and the government waited for his official tenure to expire, after which he was pensioned off. The Territorial Council called for a new municipal election to be held in Calgary on November 3, Calgary would only have a couple days peace following the November election before the Calgary Fire of destroyed much of the community's downtown.
Part of the slow response to the fire can be attributed to the absence of functioning local government during As neither George Murdoch or James Reilly was capable of effectively governing the town, the newly ordered chemical engine for the recently organized Calgary Fire Department Calgary Hook, Ladder and Bucket Corps was held in the CPR's storage yard due to lack of payment. The new Town Council sprung into action, drafting a bylaw requiring all large downtown buildings were to be built with sandstone, which was readily available nearby in the form of Paskapoo sandstone.
McCallum, and William Oliver. Calgary continued to expand when real estate speculation took hold of Calgary in Speculators began buying and building west of Centre Street and Calgary quickly began to sprawl west to the ire of property owners on the east side of town.
The first step in connecting the District of Alberta happened in Calgary on July 21, as Minister of the Interior Edgar Dewdney turned the first sod for the Calgary and Edmonton Railway in front of two thousand residents.
Smallpox arrived in Calgary in June when a Chinese resident was found with the disease, and by August nine people had contracted the disease with three deaths. Calgarians placed the blame for the disease on the local Chinese population, resulting in a riot on August 2, The local police did not attempt to intervene.
Mayor Alexander Lucas had inexplicably left town during the riot, [85] and when he returned home he called the NWMP in to patrol Calgary for three weeks to prevent further riots.
Finally on January 1, , Calgary was granted a Charter by the 2nd North-West Legislative Assembly , officially titled Ordinance 33 of , the City of Calgary Charter elevated the frontier town to the status of a full-fledged city. The Charter came into effect in such a way as to prevent the regularly scheduled municipal election in December , and recognizing the importance of the moment, the entire Town Council resigned to ensure the new City could choose the first Calgary City Council.
By late 19th century, the Hudson's Bay Company HBC expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg , Calgary and Edmonton. In , the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in ; others that followed are Edmonton, Vancouver , Victoria , Saskatoon , and Winnipeg. In October the Village of Rouleauville was incorporated by French Catholic residents south of Calgary's city limits in what is now known as Mission , [93] the town would not remain independent for long, and became the first incorporated municipality to be amalgamated into Calgary eight years later in The turn of the century brought questions of provincehood the top of mind in Calgary.
On September 1, , Alberta was proclaimed a province with a provisional capital in Edmonton, it would be left up to the Legislature to choose the permanent location.
However, the efforts by the community could not sway the government, and the University of Alberta was founded in the City of Strathcona , Premier Rutherford's home, which was subsequently amalgamated into the City of Edmonton in In , R. Bennett introduced a bill in the Alberta Legislature to incorporate the "Calgary University", however there was significant opposition to two degree-granting institutions in such a small province. A commission was appointed to evaluate the Calgary proposal which found the second university to be unnecessary, however, the commission did recommend the formation of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art in Calgary SAIT , which was formed later in Built-up areas of Calgary between and were serviced by power and water, the City continued a program of paving and sidewalk laying and with the CPR constructed a series of subways under the tracks to connect the town with streetcars.
The first three motor buses hit Calgary streets in , and two years later the municipally owned street railway system , fit with seven miles of track opened in Calgary. The immediately popular street railway system reached , passengers per month by The growing City and enthusiastic residents were rewarded in with the federally funded Dominion Exhibition. McLean , and A. The Big Four , as they came to be known, viewed the project as a final celebration of their life as cattlemen.
While agriculture and railway activities were the dominant aspects of Calgary's early economy, the Turner Valley Discovery Well blew South-West of Calgary on May 14, marked the beginning of the oil and gas age in Calgary.
Archibald Wayne Dingman and Calgary Petroleum Product's discovery was heralded as the "biggest oil field in the British Empire" at around 19 million cubic metres, and in a three-week period an estimated oil companies sprang into existence. While Edmonton would see significant population and economic growth with the Leduc discovery, many corporate offices established in Calgary after Turner Valley refused to relocate north. Earlyth-century Calgary served as a hotbed for political activity. Historically Calgarians supported the provincial and federal conservative parties, the opposite of the Liberal friendly City of Edmonton.
However, Calgarians were sympathetic to the cause of workers and supported the development of labour organizations. In the upstart United Farmers of Alberta UFA formed in Calgary as a non-partisan lobbying organization to represent the interests of farmers.
The UFA quickly dropped the non-partisan aspect of the organization and contested the provincial election forming the province's first non-Liberal government. Calgary endured a six-year recession following the First World War, the rising unemployment rate from reduced manufacturing demand compounded with service men returned from Europe eager to seek work created economic and social unrest.
In , Civic Government Association formed in opposition of growing influence of labour groups, endorsing their own competing slate of candidates.
The organizational meeting was held in Calgary on July 31, with attendance exceeding 1, people. Calgary gained further political prominence when R. Bennett 's Conservative Party won the federal election and formed government and became Canada's 11th Prime Minister.
Only a little over a decade after shuttering the municipal tram lines Calgary City Council began investigating rapid transit. In a heavy rail transit proposal was developed, however the estimated costs continued to grow rapidly, and the plan was re-evaluated in In May Calgary City Council directed that a detailed design and construction start on the south leg of a light rail transit system, [] which opened on May 25, and dubbed the CTrain. The University of Calgary gained autonomy as a degree granting institution in with the passage of the Universities Act by the Alberta Legislature.
The campus provided as a one dollar lease from the City of Calgary in , had previously served as a satellite campus of the University of Alberta. The s energy crisis resulted in significant investment and growth in Calgary. By , 45 per cent of the Calgary labour force was made up of management, administrative or clerical staff, above the national average of 35 per cent. Calgary almost specializes in newcomers The economic boom saw a number of high-rises pop up on the Calgary skyline. The flurry of construction saw Calgary open more office space in than New York City and Chicago combined.
The two tower granite Petro-Canada Centre, commonly referred to by locals as Red Square alluding to the city's hostile view of the state-owned petroleum company, saw the larger storey west tower rise to metres and become the largest building in Calgary for 26 years, and a smaller storey east tower rise metres.
The boom could not last forever. The s oil glut caused by falling demand and the National Energy Program marked the end of Calgary's boom. The decline was so swift that the city's population went down for the first time in history from April to April , and 3, homes were foreclosed by financial institutions in Amongst the most invigorating news of the decade came on May 21, when Nelson Skalbania announced the relocation of the Atlanta Flames hockey club to become the Calgary Flames.
Skalbania represented a group of Calgary businessmen that included oil magnates Harley Hotchkiss , Ralph T. Public concern existed regarding the potential long-term debt implications which had plagued Montreal following the Olympics.
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